Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives

Mohamed, Mozan; Elkhalifa, Rafa; Edris, Aba Aiad; Eltayeb, Enas; Younis, Alaa

doi:10.21608/fpmpeb.2025.436672

Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives

Document Type : Review Articles

Authors

¹ Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt

² School of Pharmacy., Ahfad University for women (AUW), Khartoum , Sudan

10.21608/fpmpeb.2025.436672

Abstract

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system with an increasing global prevalence. Its etiology involves a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. This review examines the pathophysiology of MS, focusing on the immune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration that drive disease progression. We summarize the diverse clinical manifestations of the disease, from common sensory-motor deficits to less typical presentations. Diagnostic approaches are discussed, including the application of the 2017 McDonald Criteria and the roles of neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and evoked potentials. We also highlight the emerging use of artificial intelligence in improving diagnostic accuracy and prognosis. The current landscape of disease-modifying therapies is outlined, covering established treatments for relapsing MS and addressing the unmet need for effective therapies for progressive forms of the disease. Finally, we discuss future perspectives in MS treatment, including stem cell therapies and novel biomedical engineering strategies aimed at promoting remyelination. This review synthesizes current knowledge to provide a comprehensive overview of the path from diagnosis to emerging therapeutic frontiers in Multiple Sclerosis.

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